Psoriasis

What Is Psoriasis?

Psoriasis is a disease that causes the skin cells to grow too quickly. Rough, dry, and thick patches of dead skin called lesions or plaques appear on the skin. The lesions can appear red and irritated, with silvery scales and a distinct border between the plaque and normal skin. Sometimes the lesions itch, burn or bleed. Plaques are most often seen on the elbows, knees and torso but can appear anywhere, including the scalp. Fingernails and toenails can also be affected. The nails can become discolored, thickened, lift up from the skin, and even become pitted, as small holes form in them.

Scientists don't yet know the precise cause of psoriasis or how to cure it, but scientists do know about the types of psoriasis symptoms, how to treat the symptoms, and how the disease progresses. Unfortunately, psoriasis is a chronic disease, meaning that once it starts, it is likely to persist for the rest of your life.

What Causes Psoriasis?

The lesions you see on your skin are the result of an overactive immune system, which mistakenly attacks your own healthy skin cells. So, psoriasis is an autoimmune disease . In fact, psoriasis is the most common autoimmune disease. Scientists are not sure why this happens but psoriasis is not contagious. You or your loved ones can't catch it from someone who has it. Scientists are studying the potential causes and progression of psoriasis.

There are some important factors about psoriasis and the disease progression that are known:

• Genetics: Some people have genes that pre-dispose them to develop psoriasis.
• Triggering event: Some external factors are usually needed to start psoriasis. Triggers are not the same for every patient but there are some that are common to many people with psoriasis. Factors may include:
  • Stress
  • Damage or injury to the skin, such as scratches, scrapes, bug bites, cuts, sunburns
  • Use of certain medications
  • Certain infections
  • Smoking
  • Heavy alcohol consumption
  • Cold weather
    

What Are the Effects of Psoriasis?

Inflammation is a natural process that your body normally uses to protect itself from harm. When a portion of skin is affected, it becomes red, swollen and painful and feels hot or warm to the touch.

A normal skin cell forms at the bottom layer of your skin and slowly makes its way to the surface as more new skin cells form underneath it. The skin cell reaches the surface and eventually falls off without you noticing. A normal skin cell lasts 28 to 30 days. In psoriasis your immune system malfunctions and produces inflammation in an area of your skin. It only takes 3 to 4 days for new skin cells to mature and reach the surface. The old skin cells don't have time to fall off, and they build up with other skin cells instead, creating inflamed skin scales and skin plaques.

The severity of psoriasis is measured by how much skin is covered by lesions or plaques.

Severity can also be measured by how psoriasis affects your quality of life. For example, even a mild case affecting only a small area on the scalp or the palms or soles of the feet can have a significant impact on your life.

Psoriasis symptoms tend to change over time, appearing differently in each person. People with psoriasis often suffer from a cycle of periods of active disease that are called flares, followed by periods when symptoms disappear that are called remissions. The triggers, which can set off psoriasis in the first place, often worsen symptoms or cause a flare after a period of remission.

If inflammation from psoriasis is left untreated, it can eventually lead to thickened skin, scarring, disfigurement and bacterial skin infections caused by scratching and touching plaques. Fortunately, there are many ways to treat psoriasis and prevent complications before they happen.

Where Do Plaques Form?

Psoriasis plaques can appear anywhere on the body. Plaques can range from a few pinhead-sized spots to major eruptions that cover large areas of the body.

Are There Other Complications?

If you have psoriasis, you're at greater risk of developing other diseases, such as:

Psoriatic arthritis
Depression
Anxiety
Crohn's disease (a type of inflammatory bowel disease)
Diabetes
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Cardiovascular disease

Many patients with psoriasis also feel embarrassed by their appearance, avoiding social situations or other daily activities and intimacy with their partners.

Lifestyle Options

For most people, regardless of having psoriasis or not, exercise, healthy eating, good sleep habits, soothing skin care routines and relaxation techniques are recommended. A healthy lifestyle can lead to enhanced quality of life for most people. Talk to your doctor before making any lifestyle changes.

Care for your skin

• Care for your skin: Proper skincare will help you manage some psoriasis symptoms.
• Soak up a little sun: Moderate exposure to sunlight usually helps by slowing the growth of skin cells. However, too much sun damages your skin, so always use sunscreen. Be aware that in rare cases, ultraviolet (UV) light exposure makes some types of psoriasis worse.
• Control air humidity: Use a humidifier to reduce exposure to drier air, which can aggravate psoriasis, especially in winter.
• Moisturize your skin: Keep your skin moist with topical creams and lotions that contain cocoa butter, lanolin, petroleum jelly, light mineral oil or baby oil.
• Avoid irritating products: Don't use strong soaps and moisturizers that contain perfumes or chemicals.
• Take daily baths: Gently washing your skin every day helps to remove dead skin and calm inflammation.
• Use medicated creams and ointments: Your pharmacy has non-prescription products that can help reduce itching and scaling. For scalp psoriasis, try a medicated shampoo. Always follow label directions and your doctor's advice.

Exercise and eat well for overall health

If you have psoriasis, exercise and watch what you eat to maintain a healthy weight. Maintaining a healthy weight helps reduce the severity of your psoriasis and can minimize your risk of developing related conditions like diabetes and heart disease.

Avoid triggers whenever possible

First identify the triggers that bring about your flares or make your symptoms worse. Then try to avoid them. For example:

• Stay healthy: Try to make an effort to ward off infections
  
• Avoid alcohol: A suspected trigger, alcohol may decrease the effectiveness of some psoriasis treatments
• Avoid tobacco products: Choose not to smoke
• Avoid or Reduce Stress: Keep away from unnecessary stressful situations
• Opt out of risky activities: avoid situations that could injure your skin
• Avoid triggering foods: Keep a food diary and review it regularly to see which foods may be acting as triggers –while science hasn't proven that certain foods either improve or aggravate psoriasis, it is believe certain foods can aggravate symptoms of the disease
• Avoid too much sun: staying in the sun for prolonged periods can cause sunburns

Relax to handle stress

Stress can lead to an increase in blood pressure, interrupt sleep, and play a role in the intensity of psoriasis symptoms. It is important to first identify stress triggers and then develop relaxation and coping skills to decrease these triggers. This can help improve your overall well-being while giving you a greater sense of control over your psoriasis.

Cover up for confidence

On days when you might feel particularly self-conscious about the appearance of your skin, you can cover the affected areas with clothing, or use makeup or concealer to mask redness and plaques. However never cover open sores or unhealed lesions, Makeup, concealer, and even clothing may irritate the skin even more.

Complementary Therapy Options

For some people with psoriasis, treatments that fall outside the scope of traditional Western medicine can sometimes work very well for symptom relief. Ask your healthcare professional about alternative therapies.

Feed your skin with supplements

Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) supplements may reduce inflammation associated with psoriasis. Vitamin E is also thought to benefit skin and nails. Talk to your healthcare professional for more guidance.

Alternative therapies

Some people add natural relief therapies to their medical psoriasis treatments, such as acupuncture, acupressure, massage therapy, or biofeedback (with or without hypnosis). Always discuss these alternative treatment options with your physician, and be sure to tell any alternative health specialist about your condition and medications in order to avoid injury.

Medical Treatment

The goals of medical treatment for psoriasis are:

• Relieve symptoms
• Relieve inflammation
• Interrupt the cycle of increased production of skin cells

Your doctor can explain the different medications, their benefits and side effects. You will likely try different therapies or combinations before finding the best prolonged symptom relief.

Please be sure to consult with your physician.

Topical therapy

Topical corticosteroids (i.e. the kind of steroid applied directly to the skin) are the most frequently prescribed for treating mild-to-moderate psoriasis. Topical corticosteroids in a cream or lotion are applied directly onto the plaques or lesions. They slow cell turnover, which reduces inflammation and relieves itching. They should only be used for limited periods of time, because long-term use or overuse of strong corticosteroids can cause thinning of the skin and resistance to the treatment's benefits.

Photo (light)

Brief exposure to small amounts of sunlight, or to controlled doses of ultraviolet B (UVB) light from an artificial source, may improve mild-to-moderate psoriasis symptoms. During UVB treatment, psoriasis may worsen temporarily before improving. Light therapy can cause short-term side effects such as redness, itching and dry skin. Applying moisturizers to the affected areas helps lessen these side effects. Combining UVB light exposure with other therapies may increase efficacy dramatically and allow for lower doses of medication.

Retinoids

If your psoriasis is severe and doesn't respond to other treatments, your doctor may recommend using a drug from the retinoid family. It's not known exactly how retinoids work, but they reduce skin cell production and the speed at which skin cells grow and shed. Symptoms of psoriasis usually return once the retinoid therapy is stopped. Common side effects of taking retinoids are dry skin and mucous membranes, itching and hair loss. Women must avoid pregnancy for at least three years after taking retinoids since they can cause severe birth defects.

Other Autoimmune Therapies

Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are medications often prescribed to relieve skin inflammation and decrease skin cell production in people with moderate-to-severe psoriasis in addition to their traditional application as a treatment for rheumatic diseases. DMARDs can take time to work – it may be weeks or months before you see a noticeable difference in your symptoms. During this time, your doctor may prescribe another medication, like a topical corticosteroid, to help control symptoms. Common side effects of taking DMARDS include nausea, diarrhea, upset stomach, dizziness, increased risk of infection, and liver problems. Regular blood work is needed for the monitoring of blood cell counts and liver function.

Biologics

Biologic response modifiers, or biologics, for short, are medications (given by injection) specifically designed to target your body's immune system. Like disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologics are used to slow the production of skin cells and ease the pain and swelling of psoriasis plaques and scales.

Biologics can take some time to work. Some people notice the effects of the medication quickly (within a week), while other patients may take months to feel the effects. They are also prescribed when other psoriasis therapies aren't effective, and in people with moderate-to-severe cases. Common side effects with biologics include mild skin reactions at the injection site, nausea, abdominal pain, and headaches. Rarely, people who take biologics may develop serious infections, lupus-like reactions, nervous system diseases and cancer. You should not take a biologic if you are pregnant or nursing, or have a history of multiple sclerosis or cancer. Inform your doctor if you have a history of tuberculosis, hepatitis B or recurrent infections.

Source: National Psoriasis Foundation - www.psoriasis.org